A particularly decorative Indian ‘barutdan’ powder flask, made in Gujarat during the early 19th century. The flask is constructed around the natural form of a large Turbo shell, whose lustrous surface has been combined with an elaborately decorated upper section composed of individually cut mother-of-pearl plaques. The rounded body follows the natural spiral of the shell, producing an elegant sculptural form with a richly iridescent surface. Its opening is enclosed by a broad collar covered with geometric mother-of-pearl inlay. The central band consists of alternating lozenge-shaped plaques, framed above and below by rectangular borders. Each element is secured with a small brass pin, creating a subtle pattern of regularly spaced points across the surface. The upper face is arranged as a radiating floral composition, with petal-shaped sections of mother-of-pearl surrounding the raised pouring neck. A metal flower-shaped stopper is attached to the flask by its original chain. A woven suspension strap, now showing considerable age and wear, allowed the flask to be carried from the belt or over the shoulder. The term ‘barutdan’ derives from the Persian words ‘barut’, meaning gunpowder, and ‘dan’, meaning container. Such flasks formed an essential part of the equipment of soldiers, hunters and armed retainers throughout India. More luxurious examples were also objects of personal display, reflecting the position and taste of their owners. Gujarati mother-of-pearl work Gujarat had already developed into an important centre for mother-of-pearl craftsmanship by the 16th century. Workshops around Ahmedabad, Cambay and Surat produced caskets, vessels, furniture and other luxury objects decorated with precisely cut shell plaques. These objects were made both for Indian patrons and for export through Gujarat’s extensive maritime trade routes to the Middle East, the Ottoman world and Europe. The most recognisable Gujarati technique involved covering a wooden or metal core with small geometric or floral sections of mother-of-pearl. The plaques were often fixed with small brass pins, while their varied orientation enhanced the changing colours and reflections of the material. Gujarati craftsmen also worked with plaques cut from the shells of marine snails of the Turbo family, valued for their thickness and strong iridescence. Although the finest and best-known Gujarati mother-of-pearl objects date from the 16th and 17th centuries, the tradition continued into later periods. On this flask, the old Gujarati vocabulary of radiating petals, geometric borders and individually pinned plaques was adapted to a functional piece of military equipment. The combination of the natural shell body with the carefully constructed mosaic collar makes this a particularly attractive survival of that tradition. A fine and unusual example of Gujarati decorative craftsmanship, combining a natural Turbo shell with intricate mother-of-pearl work and retaining its stopper, chain and textile suspension strap.